第一节 问题与文献

在日常生活中,恐怕无人否认有一个客观世界的存在,但在哲学领域里却成了问题。在哲学史上,不同的思想派别都对世界的客观性有所言说,从古希腊到后现代不一而足。逻辑经验主义认为它们对世界客观性问题的解答是终极性的,维特根斯坦在他的《逻辑哲学论》一书中就认为他所谈及的“事实”“思想”以及“世界”等范畴,都是通往彻底解决哲学争端的“梯子”,一旦通过这个“梯子”达到了“语言之境”,这些范畴都是“没有意思的”,哲学家也就无事可做了。

从文献看,由于实在论和建构论在思想史上具有重要地位,因而各类研究文献浩如烟海。但如果对这些文献进行思想史的爬梳,我们不难发现如下几条线索:

原子论-经验论的研究纲领:在实在与建构的问题上,强调构件对世界整体的意义,但在如何理解构件的问题上,思想者之间存在差异,有人认为组成世界的构件是感性材料,有人认为组成世界构件是精神性的如逻辑或语言的“基本单位”。德谟克利特(Δημóκριτο? or Democritus)开创了原子论思想进路(See Essay on Atomism:From Democritus to 1960,By Lancelot Law Whyte.Welseyan U.P.NewYork:Harper & Row,1961;A Short History of Atomism:from Democritus to Bohr .BYG.,T.Nature,1932,Vol.130:947-948)。卢克莱修(Lucretius)进一步补充完善了原子论,同时还是古代化学的拓荒者(See Lucretius or the Philosophy of Chemistry ,Mackay,AL.COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS ;NOV.30,1997;130:305-310;Lucretius:Nature and Science ,BY AC.J.Castner,CLASSICAL REVIEW;APR.,2010;60;1:118-120)。威廉.奥卡姆(William of Ockham)奠定了中世纪语言学与逻辑学的经验主义或唯名论基础(See William J.Courtenay:Ockham and Ockhamism:Studies in the Dissemination and Impact of His Thought ,New York :Brill,2008)。罗吉尔·培根(Roger Bacon)用唯名论对抗教父哲学中的实在论(See Bacon:Tracts on Alchemy,Metaphysics,Mathematics and Astronomy ;David C.Lindberg:Roger Bacon’s Philosophy of Nature ,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1983)。弗兰西斯·培根(Francis Bacon),是近代经验论的开创者(See Philosophy of Science Since Bacon:Readings in Ideas and Interpretations,by Ahmad Raza,editor,New York,Nova Science Pub,c2012)。霍布斯(Thomas Hobbes),在伽利略与培根之间的思想关联,为经验论提供了坚实的科学基础(See Three Diverse Sciences in Hobbes:First Philosophy,Geometry,and Physics,Sacksteder,William,The Review of Metaphysics,June,1992,Vol.45:739)。伽桑狄(Pierre Gassendi),将被中世纪湮灭了近千年之久的原子论拯救出来(See Pierre Gassendi’s Philosophy and Science:Atomism for Empiricists,BY AS.Leiden Fisher,Boston:Brill,2005)。洛克(John Locke),与化学科学的奠基人波意耳共同创造了经验论的近代形式(See Locke:Epistemology and Ontology by Michael Ayers,London:Routledge,1991)。莱布尼兹(Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz),哲学单子论与数理逻辑的奠基人(See Leibniz:Metaphysics and Philosophy of Science ,edited by R.S.Woolhouse.Oxford,New York:Oxford University Press,1981)。罗素(B.Russell)与维特根斯坦,完成了原子论的现代主义改造(See Russell’s Logical atomism ,edited and with an introduction by David Pears,London:Fontana,1972.Wittgenstein’s Logical Atomism,By James Griffin,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1964)。

观念论-目的论的研究纲领:在实在论与建构论的问题上,观念论与目的论也是一条重要的思想线索,许多思想家做出了重要的甚至是重大的理论贡献。毕达哥拉斯(Pythagoras),强调数对世界的基础性工作(See The Great Equations:Breakthroughs in Science from Pythagoras to Heisenberg,Gregory,A.ISIS;SEP.,2010;101;3:626-627;The Pythagorean Syndrome in Science and Philosophy ,By R.A.Aronov,Russian Studies in Philosophy,Fall 2002,Vol.41,Issue 2:50-70,20p)。巴门尼德(Parmenides)与芝诺(zeno),用数学悖论论证了存在的同一性问题(See Space from Zeno to Einstein:Classic Readings with a Contemporary Commentary,edited and with a commentary by Nick Huggett,Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press,c1999)。柏拉图(Plato,Πλáτων)论证了存在一个理念世界(See Plato’s Philosophy of Science ,By Andrew Gregory,London:Duckworth,2000;Plato’s Natural Philosophy.A Study of the Timaeus-Critias ,BY AT.K.Johansen,Cambridge :Cambridge University Press,2004)。亚里斯多德(Aristotle),用自然哲学的范式论证了目的论的世界图景(See Benjamin Farrington:Aristotle Founder of Scientific Philosophy ,1965)。普拉提诺(Plotinus)提出万物齐一的思想[See Modes of Knowledge and the Transcendental:An Introduction to Plotinus Ennead V.3,by H.Oosthout,Dordrecht :Amsterdam,1991;Plotinus’ Cosmology.A study of Ennead II.1(40),by J.Wilberding,NewYork:Oxford University Press,2006]。波修斯(Boethius),对数理世界观从古希腊向中世纪转变的关键作用(See Boethian Number Theory:A Translation of the De Institutione Arithmetica ,by Michael Masi,Amsterdam,Rodopi,1983)。奥古斯丁(Aurelius Augustinus)将柏拉图主义转化为基督教神学,奠定了中世纪实在论的基石(See Augustine on Music:An Interdisciplinary Collection of Essays ,by Richard R.La Croix,editor.Lewiston,N.Y.:USA E.Mellen Press,c1988;St.Augustine’s Theory of Knowledge:A Contemporary Analysis ,by Bruce Bubacz,New York:E.Mellen Press,c1981)。阿奎那(Saint Thomas Aquinas)做了两个世界和两个真理的重大区分(See A Commentary on Aristotle’s De Anima;Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics;The Division and Methods of the Sciences,Toronto,Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,1963;Aquinas and Kant:The Foundations of the Modern Sciences, by Gavin Ardley,England:Ardley Press,1950)。库萨的尼古拉(Nicholas of Cusa)论证了数学、宇宙论与神学的高超统一(See Nicholas of Cusa’s Dialectical Mysticism:Text,Translation,and Interpretive Study of De Visione Dei ,by Jasper Hopkins.Minneapolis,A.J:Banning Press,1988,c1985)。阿德拉德(Adelard of Bath),开创中世纪的科学与哲学的互动(See Adelard of Bath,Roger Bacon:Early English Natural Philosophers and Scientists,By Hackett JM,Endeavour,2002 Jun.;Vol.26:2,70-74)。大阿尔伯特(Albertus,Magnus),论证了科学与宗教的双重真理思想(See Albertus,Magnus or Magus?:Magic,Natural Philosophy,and Religious Reform in the Late Middle Ages ,by Collins,David J.Renaissance Quarterly 2010:63,no.1:1-44)。笛卡尔(Descartes or De Cartes)开创了用推理的方法论证认识论的先河(See Descartes’ Philosophy of Science ,By Clarke,Desmond M..Manchester:Manchester University Press,c1982)。达兰贝尔(D’Alembert)和狄德罗(Denis Diderot),用客观实在论来论证启蒙运动(See D’Alembert Philosophe ,by Le Ru,Véronique.Paris,J.Vrin,1994;Jean d’Alembert:Science and the Enlightenment ,by Thomas L.Hankins,Clarendon Press,1970)。康德(Immanuel Kant),试图用完善了的理性观念把经验和观念结合起来(See Kant and the Double Government Methodology:Supersensibility and Method in Kant’s Philosophy of Science,by Robert E.Butts,Boston,D.Reidel,c1984;Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Science,the Classical Origins:Descartes to Kant,by Gerd Buchdahl,1969)。谢林(Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling)和黑格尔(Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel),从自我哲学转向自然哲学和绝对理念哲学(See Schelling’s Naturphilosophie Project:Towards a Spinozian Conception of Nature b y Guilherme,Alexandre.South African Journal of Philosophy.2010,Vol.29,Issue 4:373-390;Hegel and the Sciences ,edited by Robert S.Cohen and Marx W.Wartofsky.Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,c1984;From the History of Philosophy to the History of Science:Hegel’s Influence on Whe Well by R.Santi,CULTURA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE AND AXIOLOGY;2010;7;1;124-135)。

近期综合性研究实在论的著述主要有:Realism by Anthony Neilson,London:Methuen Drama,2011;Realism by Paul Galloway,N.S.W.:Currency Press in association with Melbourne Theatre Company,2009等。近期综合性研究建构论的著述主要有:Constructivism:Theory,Perspectives,and Practice ,by Catherine Twomey Fosnot,New York:Teachers College Press,2004;Constructivism:Origins and Evolution ,by George Rickey.New York,George Braziller,1995。实在论与建构论的比较研究著述主要有:Realism and Constructivism in Twentieth-Century Moral Philosophy ,by Christine M.Korsgaard,In The Constitution of Agency:Essays on Practical Reason and Moral Psychology,by Christine M.Korsgaard,London:Oxford University Press 2008;Realist Constructivism,by Samuel Barkin.UK:Cambridge University Press,2010。[1]

[1] 类似的著述还有:Between Realism and Constructivism?Luhmann’s Ambivalent Epistemological Standpoint,A.Scholl,CONSTRUCTIVIST FOUNDATIONS;NOV.2012;8;1:5;Realism,Antirealism,Constructivism,and Constructive Realism in Contemporary Epistemology and Science,V.A.Lektorskii,Journal of Russian & East European Psychology,Nov/Dec2010,Vol.48 Issue 6:5-44,40p;Realism,Constructivism,and Intelligence Analysis ,Ralf G.V.Lillbacka,International Journal of Intelligence & Counterintelligence,Summer 2013,Vol.26 Issue 2:304-331.28p;Several Remarks on Naive Realism,Constructivism and Critical (Scientific)Realism ,J.Such,FILOZOFIA;2010;65;7:664-671;What Exists between Realism and Constructivism?A.Nassehi,CONSTRUCTIVIST FOUNDATIONS;NOV,2012;8;1:14-15;Historical Fact,Realism and Constructivism ,E.Zelenak,FILOZOFIA;2009;64;7:625-633;Constructivist Realism or Realist-Constructivism?Patrick Thaddeus Jackson,Daniel H.Nexon,International Studies Review.Summer2004,Vol.6 Issue 2:337-341.