二、《恶之花》
1857年出第一版时,《恶之花》收诗100首,后被法院勒令删除6首。1861年波德莱尔亲自编选第二版时,增收32首,共126首。诗人死后第二年(1868年),其生前好友戈蒂耶主持编订了第三版,收诗157首。《恶之花》中的诗写于1840—1861年,其中一部分曾在刊物上发表过,大部分是在结集出版时才公之于世。全诗除代序《致读者》一诗和25首增补诗外,共分6个部分。
《致读者》中说:愚蠢和错误,罪孽和吝啬占有我们的头脑,折磨我们的肉体,恶魔牵住了操纵我们的线,使我们一步步堕入地狱。有一只最丑、最凶、最脏的野兽,在吞食全球。伪善的读者,我的同胞,我的兄弟,你认识的妖怪就是无聊,即厌倦、失意、忧郁。
第一部分《忧郁与理想》抒发诗人内心深处的忧郁以及渴望摆脱忧郁的理想,按照艺术诗篇、恋爱诗篇、忧郁诗篇的顺序排列,共收诗88首。诗中说,由于上帝的意旨,诗人诞生到这烦恼的世界,受到母亲的诅咒、世人的嫉恨,还有疾病、贫困、懒惰、厄运一齐加到头上。他试图经由美的追求和爱的陶醉排除他的忧郁,但结果却以失败告终。
第二部分《巴黎风光》包括18首诗。诗人的目光从内心转向外部世界,试图通过静观城市的景色,倾听人语的嘈杂,来排遣内心的苦痛。但现实的丑恶与悲惨,只能使人感到十分震惊和失望。
第三部分《酒》包括5首诗。诗人求助于酒,希望用苦难、汗水和阳光酿成的酒能产生诗,能壮胆,能实现理想,能给孤独者以希望,能让情人们在醉意中飞向梦的天堂。然而这一切都只能在这虚拟的“人造天堂”中实现。
第四部分《恶之花》包括12首诗。诗人深入盛开着恶之花的地方去体验,这地方就是盛放卑劣情欲的人之心灵。他在罪恶之国漫游,得到的是绝望、死亡和对自己沉沦的厌恶。
第五部分《叛逆》包括3首诗。绝望的诗人走上了叛逆的道路,对天主发出反抗的叫喊,指责上帝是一个暴君。可任他怎样大声疾呼,天主也不理睬。
第六部分《死亡》包括6首诗。虽历经百般探求而烦恼仍不可解,于是诗人要到另一个世界去“游行”,死亡也就成了最后的“安慰”和“唯一的希望”。诗人把死神比作“老船长”。
波德莱尔曾说《恶之花》“是一本有头有尾的书”。诗集从开卷第一首“在最高之神的命令之下,诗人降生到这个烦恼的世间”,到最后生命结束,开始新的航行去寻求他向往的无限境界,遵循着一定的结构原则,即逐步展示诗人为摆脱精神和肉体上的苦痛所做的努力,以及贯穿整个人生历程的空虚和失望。《恶之花》是一篇作者坦诚的自白,是一次冷静的自我解剖。它像一把锋利的解剖刀,打开了一个在黑暗社会的重压下,渴望和追求着美、健康、光明、理想但终又未能摆脱沉沦和颓废的人的复杂的内心世界。那里面既有着与这个社会相对立的东西,又有着这个社会所烙下的肮脏丑恶的印痕;既有积极的愿望,也有颓废的态度和悲观的结论。
《恶之花》的描写对象是以往文学史上从未有过的。其中所呈现出来的大多为丑恶的东西。蛆虫、瘟疫、脓血烂疮、弯腰曲背的怪物、无唇的面庞、无齿的牙龈等不堪入目的丑恶之物在诗歌中反复出现。在《腐尸》中,诗人这样描写横陈街头的女尸:“腐败的肚子上苍蝇嗡嗡地聚集/黑压压一大群蛆虫/爬出来,好像一股黏稠的**,/顺着活的皮囊流动。”以往诗歌的传统题材,诸如田园景色,异国风光、甜蜜爱情、神话传说、宗教故事等在这部奇葩的诗集中都不翼而飞,取而代之的是新的形象体系:霉气熏天的下等旅馆,流着香料的妓院,打着哈欠的兵营,阴森凄凉的街道,这些邪恶、下贱、病态、丑陋的形象构成了《恶之花》的基本元素。在“恶中掘美”这种全新的审美观指导下,诗人以丑为美,化丑为美,找到了全新的表现对象——丑恶的社会现实。
作为“感应论”的第一次艺术实践,《恶之花》乃象征主义诗歌的开山之作,象征手法全面而出色地运用使其成为象征主义诗歌的典范。在诗作中,象征手法的运用有多种具体表现形态。其一,通过暗示来识读奥秘。这是《恶之花》中最为常见的一种方法,如《信天翁》中的信天翁与天空、海员的关系和诗人与超现实、现实的关系对应,由此构成象征。诗人属于超现实的领域,犹如信天翁属于天空。这“碧空之王”在那儿才有自由,才得以显现美的华彩。一旦落到现实,身被物役,就失去了自由,美就变成了丑,被人嘲笑,变成了悲剧性的喜剧角色。作者以信天翁这个象征形象暗示出富有浓厚悲剧色彩的抽象思考。其二,通过具象描绘破译抽象情思。这也是诗人常用的方法之一,如在《忧郁之四》一诗中,生存如囚居,愿望如蝙蝠,反抗如大钟,结果是棺材。诗人选用了一系列令人压抑、作呕的意象来外化内心感受,整个大自然成了牢笼的象征。在这里,诗人把抽象概念物象化,使难以捉摸的情感获得了具象的形态,以实写虚,以有形写无形,从而使作品的含义更加丰富、复杂、深邃,更富有哲理性。其三,从联想产生形象。联想是象征的基础,象征是联想的一种方式。所以,《恶之花》中联想的诗句比较普遍,有的甚为奇特,如《黄昏》,夜幕降临,诗人马上联想到这是抚慰劳动者的时刻,继而又联想到这是罪恶蠕动的时刻,甚至联想到是死亡之神临近的时刻。这些联想实际上都指明了黄昏的象征意义。它们与不同的人所构成的关系便成了这首诗的内在结构,由这些联想形成对照性的几个大块面,诗人在雕塑这几个块面的同时,把哲学的沉思、生存价值的探索都镂刻在上面了。
波德莱尔是一个典型的苦吟诗人。他十分讲究字斟句酌,追求幽深的意境、生动的形象、深远的寓意。在《恶之花》中,虽然他开创了一种全新的诗歌创作方法,但同时他也继承了古典诗歌明晰稳健、音韵优美、格律谨严的特点。
思考题:
1.波德莱尔为什么被西方现代派尊为鼻祖?
2.《恶之花》是怎样以丑为美、化丑为美的?
3.《恶之花》是怎样运用象征这种创作方法的?
4.如何理解波德莱尔“恶中掘美”的美学理念?
5.试谈波德莱尔的“通感”与中国传统文论的共通之处。
原典选读
《恶之花》(节选)
(法国)波德莱尔
告读者
读者们啊,谬误、罪孽、吝啬、愚昧,
占据人的精神,折磨人的肉体,
就好像乞丐喂养他们的虱子,
我们喂养着我们可爱的痛悔。
我们的罪顽固,我们的悔怯懦;
我们为坦白要求巨大的酬劳,
我们高兴地走上泥泞的大道,
以为不值钱的泪能洗掉污浊。
在恶的枕上,三倍伟大的撒旦,
久久抚慰我们受蛊惑的精神,
我们的意志是块纯净的黄金,
却被这位大化学家化做轻烟。
是魔鬼牵着使我们活动的线!
腐败恶臭,我们觉得魅力十足;
每天我们都向地狱迈进一步,
穿过恶浊的黑夜却并无反感。
像一个贫穷的**子,亲吻吮吸
一个老妓的备受摧残的**,
我们把路上偷来的快乐隐藏,
紧紧抓住,像在挤一枚老橙子。
像万千蠕虫密匝匝挤到一处,
一群魔鬼在我们脑子里狂欢,
我们张口吮吸,胸膛里的死神,
就像看不见的河,呻吟着奔出。
如果说**、毒药、匕首和火焰
尚未把它们可笑滑稽的图样
绣在我们的可悲的命运之上,
唉!那是我们的灵魂不够大胆。
我们罪孽的动物园污秽不堪,
有豺、豹子、母狗、猴子、蝎子、秃鹫,
还有毒蛇,这些怪物东奔西走,
咆哮,爬行,发出了低沉的叫喊,
有一个更丑陋、更凶恶、更卑鄙!
它不张牙舞爪,也不大喊大叫,
却往往把大地化做荒芜不毛,
还打着哈欠将世界一口吞噬。
它叫“无聊”!——眼中带着无意的泪,
它吸着水烟筒,梦想着断头台,
读者,你认识这爱挑剔的妖怪,
——虚伪的读者——我的兄弟和同类!
(《恶之花》,郭宏安译,上海:上海译文出版社,2011)
To the Reader
Folly and error,stinginess and sin
Possess our spirits and fatigue our flesh.
And like a pet we feed our tame remorse
As beggars take to nourishing their lice.
Our sins are stubborn,our contrition lax;
We offer lavishly our vows of faith
And turn back gladly to the path of filth,
Thinking mean tears will wash away our stains.
On evil's pillow lies the alchemist
Satan Thrice-Great,who lulls our captive soul,
And all the richest metal of our will
Is vaporized by his hermetic arts.
Truly the Devil pulls on all our strings!
In most repugnant objects we find charms;
Each day we're one step further into Hell,
Content to move across the stinking pit.
As a poor libertine will suck and kiss
The sad,tormented tit of some old whore,
We steal a furtive pleasure as we pass,
A shrivelled orange that we squeeze and press.
Close,swarming,like a million writhing worms,
A demon nation riots in our brains,
And,when we breathe,death flows into our lungs,
A secret stream of dull,lamenting cries.
If slaughter,or if arson,poison,rape
Have not as yet adorned our fine designs,
The banal canvas of our woeful fates,
It's only that our spirit lacks the nerve.
But there with all the jackals,panthers,hounds,
The monkeys,scorpions,the vultures,snakes,
Those howling,yelping,grunting,crawling brutes,
The infamous menagerie of vice,
One creature only is most foul and false!
Though making no grand gestures,nor great cries,
He willingly would devastate the earth
And in one yawning swallow all the world;
He is Ennui!—with tear-filled eye he dreams
Of scaffolds,as he puffs his water-pipe.
Reader,you know this dainty monster too;
—Hypocrite reader,—fellowman,—my twin!
应和
自然是座庙宇,那里活的柱子
有时说出了模模糊糊的话音;
人从那里过,穿越象征的森林,
森林用熟识的目光将他注视。
如同悠长的回声遥遥地汇合
在一个混沌深邃的统一体中
广大浩漫好像黑夜连着光明——
芳香、颜色和声音在互相应和。
有的芳香新鲜若儿童的肌肤,
柔和如双簧管,青翠如绿草场,
——别的则腐朽、浓郁,涵盖了万物。
像无极无限的东西四散飞扬,
如同龙涎香、麝香、安息香、乳香
那样歌唱精神与感觉的激昂。
(《恶之花》,郭宏安译,上海:上海译文出版社,2011)
Correspondences
Nature is a temple,where the living
Columns sometimes breathe confusing speech;
Man walks within these groves of symbols,each
Of which regards him as a kindred thing.
As the long echoes,shadowy,profound,
Heard from afar,blend in a unity,
Vast as the night,as sunlight's clarity,
So perfumes,colours,sounds may correspond.
Odours there are,fresh as a baby's skin,
Mellow as oboes,green as meadow grass,
—Others corrupted,rich,triumphant,full,
Having dimensions infinitely vast,
Frankincense,musk,ambergris,benjamin,
Singing the senses' rapture,and the soul's.
献给美的颂歌
你来自幽深的天空,还是地狱,
美啊?你的目光既可怕又神圣,
一股脑儿倾泻着罪恶和善举,
因此人们把你和酒浆相比并。
你的眼睛包含着落日和黎明;
你像雷雨的黄昏把芳香播散;
你的吻是**,你的嘴是药瓶,
能使英雄怯懦,又使儿童勇敢。
你出自黑色深渊,或降自星辰?
命运受惑,像狗追随在你裙下;
你随意地播种着灾祸和欢欣,
你统治一切,却没有任何报答。
美,你在死人身上走,还要嘲弄;
你的首饰中有魅力的是恐怖,
凶杀在你最珍爱的小饰物中,
在你骄傲的肚皮上**靡起舞。
蜉蝣花了眼,朝你这蜡烛飞去,
嘶的一声烧着,还说:火炬有福!
情郎俯在美人身上气喘吁吁,
好像垂死的人抚爱他的坟墓。
这有何妨,你来自天上或地狱?
啊美!你这怪物,巨大、纯朴、骇人!
只要你的眼、你的笑、你的双足
打开我爱而不识的无限之门!
这有何妨,你来自上帝或魔王?
天使或海妖?——目光温柔的仙女,
你是节奏、香气、光明,至尊女皇!——
只要减少世界丑恶、光阴重负!
(《恶之花》,郭宏安译,上海:上海译文出版社,2011)
Hymn to Beauty
O Beauty!do you visit from the sky
Or the abyss? infernal and divine,
Your gaze bestows both kindnesses and crimes,
So it is said you act on us like wine.
Your eye contains the evening and the dawn;
You pour out odours like an evening storm;
Your kiss is potion from an ancient jar,
That can make heroes cold and children warm.
Are you of heaven or the nether world?
Charmed Destiny,your pet,attends your walk;
You scatter joys and sorrows at your whim,
And govern all,and answer no man's call.
Beauty,you walk on corpses,mocking them;
Horror is charming as your other gems,
And Murder is a trinket dancing there
Lovingly on your naked belly's skin.
You are a candle where the mayfly dies
In flames,blessing this fire's deadly bloom.
The panting lover bending to his love
Looks like a dying man who strokes his tomb.
What difference,then,from heaven or from hell,
O Beauty,monstrous in simplicity?
If eye,smile,step can open me the way
To find unknown,sublime infinity?
Angel or siren,spirit,I don't care,
As long as velvet eyes and perfumed head
And glimmering motions,o my queen,can make
The world less dreadful,and the time less dead.
腐尸
亲爱的,想想我们见过的东西,
夏日的清晨多温和:
小路拐弯处一具丑恶的腐尸,
在碎石的**横卧,
仿佛****的女人,把两腿高抬,
热乎乎地冒着毒气,
她懒洋洋地,恬不知耻地敞开
那臭气熏天的肚子。
太阳照射着这腐烂的一大团,
像要把它烤得透熟,
仿佛要向大自然百倍地归还
它结为一体的万物;
天空凝视着,这尸体真是绝妙,
像花朵一样地开放。
臭气那样强烈,你觉得就要
昏厥晕倒在草地上。
腐败的肚子上苍蝇嗡嗡聚集,
黑压压一大群蛆虫
爬出来,好像一股黏稠的**,
顺着活的皮囊流动。
它们爬上爬下仿佛浪潮阵阵,
横冲直撞亮光闪闪;
仿佛有一股混浊的气息吹进,
这具躯体仍在繁衍。
这世界奏出一阵奇特的音乐,
好像流水,又好像风,
像簸谷者做出有节奏的动作,
把籽粒颠簸和搅动。
形式已消失,只留下依稀的梦,
一张迟来的草稿图。
在遗忘的画布上。画家的完成
仅仅凭着记忆复出。
一只母狗愤怒地把我们观望,
焦躁不安,躲在石后,
等待着时机,要从尸骸的身上,
重新咬住那一块肉。
——而将来您也会像这垃圾一样,
像这恶臭可怖可惊,
我眼睛的星辰,我天性的太阳,
您,我的天使和**!
是的,您将如此,哦优美之女王,
领过临终圣礼之后,
当您步入草底和花下的辰光,
在累累白骨间腐朽。
那时,我的美人啊,告诉那些蛆,
接吻似地把您啃噬:
你的爱虽已解体,但我却记住
其形式和神圣本质!
(《恶之花》,郭宏安译,上海:上海译文出版社,2011)
A Carcass
Remember,my love,the object we saw
That beautiful morning in June:
By a bend in the path a carcass reclined
On a bed sown with pebbles and stones;
Her legs were spread out like a lecherous whore,
Sweating out poisonous fumes,
Who opened in slick invitational style
Her stinking and festering womb.
The sun on this rottenness focused its rays
To cook the cadaver till done,
And render to Nature a hundredfold gift
Of all she'd united in one.
And the sky cast an eye on this marvellous meat
As over the flowers in bloom.
The stench was so wretched that there on the grass
You nearly collapsed in a swoon.
The flies buzzed and droned on these bowels of filth
Where an army of maggots arose,
Which flowed with a liquid and thickening stream
On the animate rags of her clothes.
And it rose and it fell,and pulsed like a wave,
Rushing and bubbling with health.
One could say that this carcass,blown with vague breath,
Lived in increasing itself.
And this whole teeming world made a musical sound
Like babbling brooks and the breeze,
Or the grain that a man with a winnowing-fan
Turns with a rhythmical ease.
The shapes wore away as if only a dream
Like a sketch that is left on the page
Which the artist forgot and can only complete
On the canvas,with memory's aid.
From back in the rocks,a pitiful bitch
Eyed us with angry distaste,
Awaiting the moment to snatch from the bones
The morsel she'd dropped in her haste.
——And you,in your turn,will be rotten as this:
Horrible,filthy,undone,
O sun of my nature and star of my eyes,
My passion,my angel in one!
Yes,such will you be,o regent of grace,
After the rites have been read,
Under the weeds,under blossoming grass
As you moulder with bones of the dead.
Ah then,o my beauty,explain to the worms
Who cherish your body so tine,
That I am the keeper for corpses of love
Of the form,and the essence divine!
忧郁 之四
当低重的天空如大盖般压住
被长久的厌倦折磨着的精神;
当环抱着的天际向我们射出
比夜还要愁惨的黑色的黎明;
当大地变成一间潮湿的牢房,
在那里啊,希望如蝙蝠般飞去,
冲着墙壁鼓动着胆怯的翅膀,
又把脑袋向朽坏的屋顶撞击;
当密麻麻的雨丝向四面伸展,
模仿着大牢里的铁栅的形状,
一大群无言的蜘蛛污秽不堪,
爬过来在我们的头脑里结网,
几口大钟一下子疯狂地跳起,
朝着空中迸发出可怕的尖叫,
就仿佛是一群游魂无家可依,
突然发出一阵阵执拗的哀号。
——送葬的长列,无鼓声也无音乐,
在我的灵魂里缓缓行进,希望
被打败,在哭泣,而暴虐的焦灼
在我低垂的头顶把黑旗插上。
(《恶之花》,郭宏安译,上海:上海译文出版社,2011)
Spleen
When low and heavy sky weighs like a lid
Upon the spirit moaning in ennui,
And when,spanning the circle of the world,
It pours a black day sadder than our nights;
When earth is changed into a sweaty cell,
In which Hope,captured,like a frantic bat,
Batters the walls with her enfeebled wing,
Striking her head against the rotting beams;
When steady rain trailing its giant train
Descends on us like heavy prison bars,
And when a silent multitude of spiders
Spins its disgusting threads deep in our brains,
Bells all at once jump out with all their force,
And hurl about a mad cacophony
As if they were those lost and homeless souls
Who send a dogged whining to the skies.
—And long corteges minus drum or tone
Deploy morosely through my being:Hope
The conquered,moans,and tyrant Anguish gloats
In my bowed skull he fixed his black flag.
巴黎的梦 之一
这一片可怖的风光,
从未经世人的俗眼,
朦胧遥远,它的形象
今晨又令我醺醺然。
奇迹啊布满了睡眼!
受怪异的冲动摆布,
我从这些景致里面,
剪除不规则的植物,
我像画家恃才傲物,
面对着自己的画稿
品味大理石、水、金属
组成的醉人的色调。
楼梯拱廊的巴别塔,
成了座无尽的宫殿,
静池飞湍纷纷跌下
粗糙或磨光的金盘;
还有沉甸甸的瀑布,
犹如一张张水晶之帘,
悬挂在金属的绝壁,
灿烂辉煌,令人炫目。
不是树,是廊柱根根,
把沉睡的池塘环萦,
中间有高大的水神,
如女人般临泉照影。
伸展的水面蓝英英,
堤上岸边红绿相间,
流过千万里的路程,
向着那世界的边缘。
那是宝石见所未见,
是神奇的流水,也是
明晃晃的巨大镜面,
被所映的万象惑迷!
恒河流在莽莽青昊,
无忧无虑,不语不言,
将其水瓮中的珍宝,
倾入金刚石的深渊。
我是仙境的建筑师,
随心所欲,命令海洋
驯服地流进隧道里,
那隧道由宝石镶嵌;
一切,甚至黑的色调,
都被擦亮,明净如虹,
而**将它的荣耀
嵌入结晶的光线中。
天上没有一颗星星,
甚至没有一线残阳,
为了照亮这篇奇景,
全凭自己闪闪发光!
在这些奇迹的上面,
翱翔着(可怖的新奇!
不可耳闻,只能眼见!)
一片寂静,无终无始。
(《恶之花》,郭宏安译,上海:上海译文出版社,2011)
Parisian Dream
Of this strange,awe-inspiring scene
Such as on earth one never sees,
Today the image once again,
Obscure and distant,captures me.
Sleep is so full of miracles!
By whimsy odd and singular
I've banished from these spectacles
Nature and the irregular.
And,happy with my artistry,
I painted into my tableau
The ravishing monotony
Of marble,metal,water-flow.
Babel of endless stairs,arcades,
It was a palace multifold
Replete with pools and bright cascades
Falling in dull or burnished gold;
And the more weighty waterfalls
Like crystal screens resplendent there
Along the metal rampart walls
Seemed to suspend themselves in air;
The sleeping pools—there were no trees—
Gathered around them colonnades,
And in them naiads at their ease
Could cast the narcissistic gaze.
Sheets of blue water,emptying
Between the green and rosy quays
From multitudes of openings,
Poured to the world's last boundaries;
Magical waves,to please the eye,
Splashed on unheard-of stones,and vast
Reflectors stood there,dazzled by
The world they mirrored in their glass!
Insouciant and taciturn,
Some Ganges,in the firmament,
Poured out the treasure of their urns
Into the gulfs of diamond.
Architect of my magic show,
I then required,for my mood,
Through a jewelled conduit to flow
An ocean I had first subdued.
And all,even the colour black,
Seemed polished,sparkling,clear and clean;
The liquid kept its glow intact
Within the solid crystal beam.
No star from anywhere,no sign
Of moon or sunshine,bright or dim,
Illuminate this scene of mine
Glowing with fire from within!
Over the pageantry appears
To hover (awful novelty
For eyes,but nothing for the ear!)
A silence of eternity.
[1] [法]左拉著,柳鸣九译《关于作品总体构思的札记》,见柳鸣九主编《自然主义》,515页,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988。
[2] 蒋承勇著,《西方文学“人”的母题研究》,390页,北京:人民出版社,2005。
[3] [法]左拉著,柳鸣九译《〈卢贡·马卡尔家族〉序》,见柳鸣九主编《自然主义》,518页,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988。